New X.R.F. data retrieval techniques and their application to U.S.G.S. standard rocks     

G.C. Brown  D.J. Hughes  J. Esson 《Chemical Geology》1973,11(3):223-229

Accurate and consistent X-ray fluorescence analysis of major and trace elements using a single pressed pellet for each sample has been achieved with a wide variety of rock compositions. Counting techniques for use with data reduction and correction programs in Standard Fortran IV are described; the latter depend throughout on data developed from a wide range of standard rock compositions. A comparison of ten major and fifteen trace element analyses for U.S.G.S. standard rocks with averages taken from the literature testifies to the precision of these techniques.  相似文献   

Geomorphology,acoustic backscatter,and processes in Santa Monica Bay from multibeam mapping   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Gardner JV  Dartnell P  Mayer LA  Hughes Clarke JE 《Marine environmental research》2003,56(1-2):15-46

Santa Monica Bay was mapped in 1996 using a high-resolution multibeam system, providing the first substantial update of the submarine geomorphology since the initial compilation by Shepard and Emery [(1941) Geol. Soc. Amer. Spec. Paper 31]. The multibeam mapping generated not only high-resolution bathymetry, but also coregistered, calibrated acoustic backscatter at 95 kHz. The geomorphology has been subdivided into six provinces; shelf, marginal plateau, submarine canyon, basin slope, apron, and basin. The dimensions, gradients, and backscatter characteristics of each province is described and related to a combination of tectonics, climate, sea level, and sediment supply. Fluctuations of eustatic sea level have had a profound effect on the area; by periodically eroding the surface of Santa Monica plateau, extending the mouth of the Los Angeles River to various locations along the shelf break, and by connecting submarine canyons to rivers. A wetter glacial climate undoubtedly generated more sediment to the rivers that then transported the increased sediment load to the low-stand coastline and canyon heads. The trends of Santa Monica Canyon and several bathymetric highs suggest a complex tectonic stress field that has controlled the various segments. There is no geomorphic evidence to suggest Redondo Canyon is fault controlled. The San Pedro fault can be extended more than 30 km to the northwest by the alignment of a series of bathymetric highs and abrupt changes in direction of channel thalwegs.  相似文献   

The dust distribution within the inner coma of comet P/Halley 1982i: encounter by Giotto's impact detectors     

McDonnell JA  Alexander WM  Burton WM  Bussoletti E  Evans GC  Evans ST  Firth JG  Grard RJ  Green SF  Grun E  Hanner MS  Hughes DW  Igenbergs E  Kissel J  Kuczera H  Lindblad BA  Langevin Y  Mandeville JC  Nappo S  Pankiewicz GS  Perry CH  Schwehm GH  Sekanina Z  Stevenson TJ  Zarnecki JC et AL 《Astronomy and Astrophysics》1987,187(1-2):719-741

Analysis of the data from Giotto's Dust Impact Detection System experiment (DIDSY) is presented. These data represent measurement of the size of dust grains incident on the Giotto dust shield along its trajectory through the coma of comet P/Halley on 1986 March 13/14. First detection occurred at some 287000 km distance from the nucleus on the inbound leg; the majority of the DIDSY subsystems remained operational after closest approach (604 km) yielding the last detection at about 202000 km from the nucleus. In order to improve the data coverage (and especially for the smallest grains, to approximately 10(-19) kg particle mass), data from the PIA instrument has been combined with DIDSY data. Flux profiles are presented for the various mass channels showing, to a first approximation, a 1/R2 flux dependence, where R is the distance of the detection point from the cometary nucleus, although significant differences are noted. Deviations from this dependence are observed, particularly close to the nucleus. From the flux profiles, mass and geometrical area distributions for the dust grains are derived for the trajectory through the coma. Groundbased CCD imaging of the dust continuum in the inner coma at the time of encounter is also used to derive the area of grains intercepted by Giotto. The results are consistent with the area functions derived by Giotto data and the low albedo of the grains deduced from infrared emission. For the close encounter period (-5 min to +5 min), the cumulative mass distribution function has been investigated, initially in 20 second periods; there is strong evidence from the data for a steepening of the index of the mass distribution for masses greater than 10(-13) kg during passage through dust jets which is not within the error limits of statistical uncertainty. The fluences for dust grains along the entire trajectory is calculated; it is found that extrapolation of the spectrum determined at intermediate masses (cumulative mass index alpha = 0.85) is not able to account for the spacecraft deceleration as observed by the Giotto Radio Science Experiment and by ESOC tracking operations. Data at large masses (>10(-8) kg) recently analysed from the DIDSY data set show clear evidence of a decrease in the mass distribution index at these masses within the coma, and it is shown that such a value of the mass index can provide sufficient mass for consistency with the observed deceleration. The total particulate mass output from the nucleus of comet P/Halley at the time of encounter would be dependent on the maximum mass emitted if this change in slope observed in the coma were also applicable to the emission from the nucleus; this matter is discussed in the text. The flux time profiles have been converted through a simple approach to modeling of the particle trajectories to yield an indication of nucleus surface activity. There is indication of an enhancement in flux at t approximately -29 s corresponding to crossing of the dawn terminator, but the flux detected prior to crossing of the dawn terminator is shown to be higher than predicted by simple modelling. Further enhancements corresponding to jet activity are detected around +190 s and +270 s.  相似文献   

Statistical testing of a new testate amoeba‐based transfer function for water‐table depth reconstruction on ombrotrophic peatlands in north‐eastern Canada and Maine,United States     

Matthew J. Amesbury  Gunnar Mallon  Dan J. Charman  Paul D. M. Hughes  Robert K. Booth  Timothy J. Daley  Michelle Garneau 《第四纪科学杂志》2013,28(1):27-39

Proxy reconstructions of climatic parameters developed using transfer functions are central to the testing of many palaeoclimatic hypotheses on Holocene timescales. However, recent work shows that the mathematical models underpinning many existing transfer functions are susceptible to spatial autocorrelation, clustered training set design and the uneven sampling of environmental gradients. This may result in over‐optimistic performance statistics or, in extreme cases, a lack of predictive power. A new testate amoeba‐based transfer function is presented that fully incorporates the new recommended statistical tests to address these issues. Leave‐one‐out cross‐validation, the most commonly applied method in recent studies to assess model performance, produced over‐optimistic performance statistics for all models tested. However, the preferred model, developed using weighted averaging with tolerance downweighting, retained a predictive capacity equivalent to other published models even when less optimistic performance statistics were chosen. Application of the new statistical tests in the development of transfer functions provides a more thorough assessment of performance and greater confidence in reconstructions based on them. Only when the wider research community have sufficient confidence in transfer function‐based proxy reconstructions will they be commonly used in data comparison and palaeoclimate modelling studies of broader scientific relevance. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Precipitation stable isotope variability and subcloud evaporation processes in a semi‐arid region          下载免费PDF全文

Jagoda Crawford  Suzanne E. Hollins  Karina T. Meredith  Catherine E. Hughes 《水文研究》2017,31(1):20-34

The stable isotopic (²H/¹H and ¹⁸O/¹⁶O) composition of precipitation has been used for a variety of hydrological and paleoclimate studies, a starting point for which is the behaviour of stable isotopes in modern precipitation. To this end, daily precipitation samples were collected over a 7‐year period (2008–2014) at a semi‐arid site located at the Macquarie Marshes, New South Wales (Australia). The samples were analysed for stable isotope composition, and factors affecting the isotopic variability were investigated. The best correlation between δ ¹⁸O of precipitation was with local surface relative humidity. The reduced major axis precipitation weighted local meteoric water line was δ ²H = 7.20 δ ¹⁸O + 9.1. The lower slope and intercept (when compared with the Global Meteoric Water Line) are typical for a warm dry climate, where subcloud evaporation of raindrops is experienced. A previously published model to estimate the degree of subcloud evaporation and the subsequent isotopic modification of raindrops was enhanced to include the vertical temperature and humidity profile. The modelled results for raindrops of 1.0 mm radius showed that on average, the measured D‐excess (=δ ²H ? 8 δ ¹⁸O) was 19.8‰ lower than that at the base of the cloud, and 18% of the moisture was evaporated before ground level (smaller effects were modelled for larger raindrops). After estimating the isotopic signature at the base of the cloud, a number of data points still plotted below the global meteoric water line, suggesting that some of the moisture was sourced from previously evaporated water. Back trajectory analysis estimated that 38% of the moisture was sourced over land. Precipitation samples for which a larger proportion of the moisture was sourced over land were ¹⁸O and ²H‐enriched in comparison to samples for which the majority of the moisture was sourced over the ocean. The most common weather systems resulting in precipitation were inland trough systems; however, only East Coast Lows contributed to a significant difference in the isotopic values. Copyright © 2016 Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation. Hydrological Processes. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Tropical Pacific – mid-latitude teleconnections in medieval times     

Nicholas E. Graham  Malcolm K. Hughes  Caspar M. Ammann  Kim M. Cobb  Martin P. Hoerling  Douglas J. Kennett  James P. Kennett  Bert Rein  Lowell Stott  Peter E. Wigand  Taiyi Xu 《Climatic change》2007,83(1-2):241-285

Terrestrial and marine late Holocene proxy records from the western and central US suggest that climate between approximately 500 and 1350 a.d. was marked by generally arid conditions with episodes of severe centennial-scale drought, elevated incidence of wild fire, cool sea surface temperatures (SSTs) along the California coast, and dune mobilization in the western plains. This Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) was followed by wetter conditions and warming coastal SSTs during the transition into the “Little Ice Age” (LIA). Proxy records from the tropical Pacific Ocean show contemporaneous changes indicating cool central and eastern tropical Pacific SSTs during the MCA, with warmer than modern temperatures in the western equatorial Pacific. This pattern of mid-latitude and tropical climate conditions is consistent with the hypothesis that the dry MCA in the western US resulted (at least in part) from tropically forced changes in winter NH circulation patterns like those associated with modern La Niña episodes. We examine this hypothesis, and present other analyses showing that the imprint of MCA climate change appears in proxy records from widely distributed regions around the planet, and in many cases is consistent with a cool medieval tropical Pacific. One example, explored with numerical model results, is the suggestion of increased westerlies and warmer winter temperatures over northern Europe during medieval times. An analog technique for the combined use of proxy records and model results, Proxy Surrogate Reconstruction (PSR), is introduced.  相似文献   

Numerical evaluation of pumping well transmissivity estimates in laterally heterogeneous formations   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Leanne G. Tumlinson  James L. Osiensky  Jerry P. Fairley 《Hydrogeology Journal》2006,14(1-2):21-30

Transmissivity estimates derived from non-steady-state, single well, constant discharge, aquifer tests in laterally heterogeneous environments generally are questioned relative to their representativeness of aquifer conditions. Drawdown in pumping wells reflects the removal of water from storage in the aquifer and transient refraction of groundwater path-lines during the evolution of a non-symmetrical cone of depression. Simulations of single-well aquifer tests in aquifers with simple, arbitrary distributions of block heterogeneities suggest that transmissivity (T) values derived by the Cooper–Jacob (1946) method generally reflect volumetric, weighted mean T values of all of the heterogeneities contacted by the cone of depression at a particular time. This finding suggests that early-time drawdown data for single well aquifer tests reflect rapidly changing, volumetric, weighted mean T values proximal to the pumping well while late-time drawdown data reflect stabilized conditions and spatially averaged, volumetric weighted mean T out to a considerable distance from the pumping well.

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Resume Los estimados de transmisividad derivados de estados no estables, pozos individuales, descarga constante, pruebas de acuíferos en ambientes heterogéneos laterales generalmente se cuestionan en cuanto a su representatividad de las conidiones de los acuíferos. La extracción de agua en pozos de bombeo refleja la extracción de agua del depósito en el acuífero y la refracción transitoria de líneas de trayectoria del agua subterránea durante la evolución de un cono no simétrico de depresión. Las simulaciones de pozos individuales, pruebas de acuíferos en acuíferos con distribuciones simples, arbitrarias de heterogeneidades de bloque sugieren que los valores de transmisividad (T) derivados por el método Cooper–Jacob (1946) generalmente reflejan valores medios volumétricos potenciales (weighted) de todas las heterogeneidades en contaco con el cono de la depresión en un momento particular. Este descubrimiento sugiere que los datos de extracción tempranos de pruebas de pozos individuales reflejan valores medios potenciales volumétricos que cambian rápidamente en la proximidad del pozo de bombeo mientras que los valores de extracción tardíos reflejan condiciones estabilizadas y medias potenciales volumétricas a una distancia considerable del pozo de bombeo.

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Resumé Les estimés de transmissivité dérivés dessais de pompage en régime transitoire dans un seul puits contenu dans une formation latéralement hétérogène sont généralement questionable en ce qui concerne la représentativité des conditions de laquifère. Le rabattement dans les puits de pompage reflète lextraction deau provenant de lemmagasinement de laquifère et la réfraction en régime transitoire des lignes découlement durant lévolution dun cone de dépression non symétrique. Des simulations dessai de pompage dans un seul puits contenu dans un domaine avec des blocs hétérogènes distribués arbitrairement suggèrent que les valeurs de transmissivité obtenus avec la méthode dinterprétation de Cooper–Jacob (1946) sont généralement représentatifs du volume moyen pondéré de toutes les hétérogénéités en contact avec le cone de dépression à un temps particulier. Cette découverte suggère que les données de rabattement au début dun essai pour un seul puits reflètent un changement rapide des valeurs moyennes proximales pondérées tandis que le rabattement à un temps tardif reflète les conditions stabilisées et la moyenne spatiale jusquà une distance considérable du puits de pompage.

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Radio planetary nebulae in the Magellanic Clouds     

M. D. Filipovi&#;  M. Cohen  W. A. Reid  J. L. Payne  Q. A. Parker  E. J. Crawford  I. S. Boji&#;i&#;  A. Y. De Horta  A. Hughes  J. Dickel  F. Stootman 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2009,399(2):769-777

We report the extragalactic radio-continuum detection of 15 planetary nebulae (PNe) in the Magellanic Clouds (MCs) from recent Australia Telescope Compact Array+Parkes mosaic surveys. These detections were supplemented by new and high-resolution radio, optical and infrared observations which helped to resolve the true nature of the objects. Four of the PNe are located in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) and 11 are located in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). Based on Galactic PNe the expected radio flux densities at the distance of the LMC/SMC are up to ∼2.5 and ∼2.0 mJy at 1.4 GHz, respectively. We find that one of our new radio PNe in the SMC has a flux density of 5.1 mJy at 1.4 GHz, several times higher than expected. We suggest that the most luminous radio PN in the SMC (N S68) may represent the upper limit to radio-peak luminosity because it is approximately three times more luminous than NGC 7027, the most luminous known Galactic PN. We note that the optical diameters of these 15 Magellanic Clouds (MCs) PNe vary from very small (∼0.08 pc or 0.32 arcsec; SMP L47) to very large (∼1 pc or 4 arcsec; SMP L83). Their flux densities peak at different frequencies, suggesting that they may be in different stages of evolution. We briefly discuss mechanisms that may explain their unusually high radio-continuum flux densities. We argue that these detections may help solve the 'missing mass problem' in PNe whose central stars were originally  1–8 M_⊙  . We explore the possible link between ionized haloes ejected by the central stars in their late evolution and extended radio emission. Because of their higher than expected flux densities, we tentatively call this PNe (sub)sample –'Super PNe'.  相似文献   

Li-bearing, disordered Mg-rich tourmaline from a pegmatite-marble contact in the Austroalpine basement units (Styria, Austria)     

Andreas Ertl  Heinrich Mali  Ralf Schuster  Wilfried Körner  John M. Hughes  Franz Brandstätter  Ekkehart Tillmanns 《Mineralogy and Petrology》2010,99(1-2):89-104

Pale-blue to pale-green tourmalines from the contact zone of Permian pegmatites to mica schists and marbles from different localities of the Austroalpine basement units (Rappold Complex) in Styria, Austria, are characterized. All these Mg-rich tourmalines have small but significant Li contents, up to 0.29 wt% Li₂O, and can be characterized as dravite, with FeO contents of ?~?0.9–2.7 wt%. Their chemical composition varies from ^X (Na_0.67Ca_0.19?K_0.02?_0.12) ^Y (Mg_1.26Al_0.97Fe²⁺ _0.36Li_0.19Ti⁴⁺ _0.06Zn_0.01?_0.15) ^Z (Al_5.31?Mg_0.69) (BO₃)₃ Si₆O₁₈ ^V (OH)₃? ^W [F_0.66(OH)_0.34], with a?=?15.9220(3), c?=?7.1732(2) Å to ^X (Na_0.67Ca_0.24?K_0.02?_0.07) ^Y (Mg_1.83Al_0.88Fe²⁺ _0.20Li_0.08Zn_0.01Ti⁴⁺ _0.01?_0.09) ^Z (Al_5.25?Mg_0.75) (BO₃)₃ Si₆O₁₈ ^V (OH)₃? ^W [F_0.87(OH)_0.13], with a?=?15.9354(4), c?=?7.1934(4) Å, and they show a significant Al-Mg disorder between the Y and the Z sites (R1?=?0.013–0.015). There is a positive correlation between the Ca content and?<?Y-O?>?distance for all investigated tourmalines (r?≈?1.00), which may reflect short-range order configurations including Ca and Fe²⁺, Mg, and Li. The tourmalines have X_Mg (X_Mg?=?Mg/Mg?+?Fe_total) values in the range 0.84–0.95. The REE patterns show more or less pronounced negative Eu and positive Yb anomalies. In comparison to tourmalines from highly-evolved pegmatites, the tourmaline samples from the border zone of the pegmatites of the Rappold Complex contain relatively low amounts of total REE (~8–36 ppm) and Th (0.1–1.8 ppm) and have low La_N/Yb_N ratios. There is a positive correlation (r?≈?0.91) between MgO of the tourmalines and the MgO contents of the surrounding mica schists. We conclude that the pegmatites formed by anatectic melting of mica schists and paragneisses in Permian time. The tourmalines crystallized from the pegmatitic melt, influenced by the metacarbonate and metapelitic host rocks.  相似文献   

10Be and 26Al exposure‐age dating of bedrock surfaces on the Aran ridge,Wales: evidence for a thick Welsh Ice Cap at the Last Glacial Maximum     

Neil F. Glasser  Philip D. Hughes  Cassandra Fenton  Christoph Schnabel  Henrik Rother 《第四纪科学杂志》2012,27(1):97-104

This paper presents results of the analysis of paired cosmogenic isotopes (¹⁰Be and ²⁶Al) from eight quartz‐rich samples collected from ice‐moulded bedrock on the Aran ridge, the highest land in the British Isles south of Snowdon. On the Aran ridge, comprising the summits of Aran Fawddwy (905 m a.s.l.) and Aran Benllyn (885 m a.s.l.), ²⁶Al and ¹⁰Be ages indicate complete ice coverage and glacial erosion at the global Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Six samples from the summit ridge above 750–800 m a.s.l. yielded paired ¹⁰Be and ²⁶Al ages ranging from 17.2 to 34.4 ka, respectively. Four of these samples are very close in age (¹⁰Be ages of 17.5 ± 0.6, 17.5 ± 0.7, 19.7 ± 0.8 and 20.0 ± 0.7 ka) and are interpreted as representing the exposure age of the summit ridge. Two other summit samples are much older (¹⁰Be ages of 27.5 ± 1.0 and 33.9 ± 1.2 ka) and these results may indicate nuclide inheritance. The ²⁶Al/¹⁰Be ratios for all samples are indistinguishable within one‐sigma uncertainty from the production rate ratio line, indicating that there is no evidence for a complex exposure history. These results indicate that the last Welsh Ice Cap was thick enough to completely cover the Aran ridge and achieve glacial erosion at the LGM. However, between c. 20 and 17 ka ridge summits were exposed as nunataks at a time when glacial erosion at lower elevations (below 750–800 m a.s.l.) was achieved by large outlet glaciers in the valleys surrounding the mountains. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献